Therapeutic Using Cannabis

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) has long been a subject of global controversy, particularly due to its classification as a prohibited substance in many countries, including Indonesia. However, scientific advancements in recent decades have revealed that this plant holds substantial medical potential when used in a controlled, evidence-based manner under medical supervision. This article explores the medical benefits of cannabis, focusing on its active compounds, proven therapeutic uses, and the regulatory considerations surrounding its use.

Active Compounds in Cannabis

Cannabis contains over 100 biologically active compounds known as cannabinoids. The two most studied cannabinoids are:

• Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): The primary psychoactive component responsible for the “high” sensation.
• Cannabidiol (CBD): A non-psychoactive compound that has shown considerable therapeutic effects without intoxicating side effects.

These compounds interact with the endocannabinoid system in the human body, influencing functions such as pain sensation, mood regulation, appetite, sleep, and immune response.

Clinically Proven Medical Benefits of Cannabis

1. Reducing Seizures in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

CBD has been proven effective in reducing the frequency and severity of seizures in rare forms of epilepsy such as:

• Dravet syndrome
• Lennox-Gastaut syndrome

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a CBD-based drug, Epidiolex, specifically for these conditions.

2. Chronic Pain Management

Medical cannabis is frequently prescribed as an alternative or adjunct treatment for chronic pain conditions including:

• Fibromyalgia
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Neuropathic pain unresponsive to standard analgesics

THC acts on the central nervous system to reduce pain perception and improve quality of life.

3. Anti-Nausea for Chemotherapy Patients

Cannabis-derived medications have shown effectiveness in managing nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy in cancer patients. Synthetic THC, such as dronabinol, is used as a second-line antiemetic when traditional drugs are insufficient.

4. Appetite Stimulation

Medical cannabis is used to combat anorexia and weight loss in conditions such as:

• HIV/AIDS
• Advanced cancer

It helps stimulate appetite and caloric intake, supporting nutritional rehabilitation.

5. Treating Sleep Disorders and PTSD

Low doses of THC and CBD have shown promise in improving sleep quality, especially in patients with:

• Chronic insomnia
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Cannabis can help regulate the circadian rhythm and reduce hyperarousal symptoms.

6. Neuroprotective Potential

Emerging research suggests cannabis may offer neuroprotective effects that could benefit patients with:

• Parkinson’s disease
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

While preclinical results are promising, large-scale human trials are still needed to establish efficacy and safety.

Safety and Ethical Considerations

Despite its therapeutic potential, cannabis must be used cautiously and under strict medical guidance due to:

• Potential side effects such as dizziness, cognitive impairment, and psychological dependency.
• Risk of misuse if not properly regulated.
• Variability in product quality and cannabinoid concentration without standardized medical production.

Regulatory Landscape in Indonesia

In Indonesia, cannabis remains classified as a Class I narcotic under Law No. 35 of 2009, meaning it is considered to have no accepted medical use and carries a high potential for abuse. However, public and professional discourse surrounding medical cannabis legalization is growing, driven by patient advocacy and global trends. Some organizations are calling for scientific re-evaluation and the establishment of legal frameworks for limited, regulated medical cannabis use.

Conclusion

Cannabis presents proven medical benefits, particularly in treating epilepsy, chronic pain, nausea, and certain neurological conditions. However, its use requires a careful balance between access and control, supported by clinical evidence, professional supervision, and robust regulatory systems.

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