Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that affects ovarian function. In women with PCOS, the ovaries can become enlarged and contain many small fluid-filled sacs (called cysts), which lead to irregular or failed egg release (ovulation). The main issue lies in hormonal disorder: the body produces more androgen hormones (male hormones) than it should. High levels of androgen disrupt ovulation and cause symptoms such as acne, excessive hair growth, and irregular periods. PCOS affects about 1 in 10 women of reproductive age and often goes undiagnosed because its symptoms are varied and similar to other conditions.
Symptoms of PCOS to Watch Out For
PCOS symptoms may appear during adolescence or develop gradually into adulthood. Here are some common signs:
- Irregular Periods: This can mean infrequent menstruation (oligomenorrhea) or the absence of menstruation altogether (amenorrhea).
- Hirsutism: Excessive hair growth on the face, chest, back, or lower abdomen due to high androgen levels.
- Persistent Acne: Especially on the face, chest, and back, often resistant to regular treatments.
- Weight Gain: Many women with PCOS experience weight gain that’s difficult to control, especially around the abdomen.
- Hair Thinning: Hair loss or thinning on the scalp, resembling male-pattern baldness.
- Difficulty Getting Pregnant: Due to disrupted ovulation, many women with PCOS struggle to conceive naturally.
Not all women will experience every symptom listed above, so a proper medical diagnosis is essential.
Long-Term Risks if Left Untreated
PCOS isn’t just about menstrual issues or fertility. If left unmanaged, it can lead to several serious complications, such as:
- Type 2 Diabetes: Due to insulin resistance, which is common in women with PCOS.
- Metabolic Syndrome: A cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, and excess abdominal fat.
- Heart Disease: Increased risk due to high LDL (bad cholesterol) levels and chronic inflammation.
- Endometrial Cancer: Higher risk due to thickening of the uterine lining from lack of regular ovulation.
- Depression and Anxiety: Hormonal disorder and physical symptoms can affect mental health.
That’s why long-term management is crucial, even if the symptoms don’t seem severe.
Causes of PCOS
The exact cause of PCOS is unknown, but several factors are believed to contribute:
- Genetics: If your mother or sister has PCOS, you’re more likely to develop it.
- Insulin Resistance: The body doesn’t use insulin effectively, leading to higher insulin levels that may boost androgen production.
- Low-Grade Inflammation: Many women with PCOS experience low-grade inflammation that stimulates the ovaries to produce more androgens.
- Excess Androgens: This disrupts ovulation and causes many of the physical symptoms of PCOS.
How to Detect and Prevent PCOS
PCOS cannot be diagnosed just by observing symptoms. Doctors will use a combination of methods:
- Physical Examination: To look for physical signs such as acne, hirsutism, and weight gain.
- Blood Tests: To measure hormone levels, blood sugar, and cholesterol.
- Ultrasound (USG): To check for follicles or cysts in the ovaries.
A PCOS diagnosis is typically made when at least two out of three criteria are met: irregular menstruation, high androgen levels, and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.
Prevention and Management
Although PCOS cannot be completely prevented, it can be managed with the following steps:
- Healthy Diet: Reduce refined carbohydrates, sugar, and fatty foods. Increase intake of vegetables, fruits, lean protein, and fiber.
- Regular Exercise: At least 30 minutes a day, five days a week. Physical activity improves insulin sensitivity and helps with weight management.
- Weight Management: Losing just 5–10% of body weight can help restore ovulation and improve fertility.
- Stress Management: Yoga, meditation, and adequate rest can help balance stress hormones.
- Avoid Smoking and Alcohol: Both can worsen hormonal imbalances.
The Importance of Early Education and Awareness
Many women are unaware they have PCOS until they try to conceive or experience serious health problems. That’s why early education is essential, especially for teenagers and women of reproductive age. By understanding the symptoms, living a healthy lifestyle, and getting regular check-ups, PCOS can be managed effectively, ensuring a better quality of life.
Conclusion
PCOS is a common but often overlooked condition. By recognizing the symptoms early to prevent hormonal disorder, seeking medical advice, and adopting a healthy lifestyle, women can effectively manage PCOS and avoid long-term complications.
READ ALSO ARTICLE: Vitamin B Deficiency: Are You Experiencing These Symptoms Too?